DIRECT
AND INDIRECT SPEECH
|
Direct
Speech (Kalimat
Langsung) ialah kata-kata
kalimat
yang diucapkan langsung oleh si pembicara.
Indirect
Speech (Kalimat Tak
Langsung) ialah kalimat yang diucapkan untuk melaporkan kata-katansi
pembicara kepada orang lain. Jadi, Indirect Speech (Reported Speech)
digunakan bila kita ingin melaporkan kata-kata seseorang kepada orang lain
secara tak langsung.
Direct &
Indirect Speech terdiri dari
3 jenis yaitu :
I. Statement (pernyataan)
II. Command (perintah)
III. Question (pertanyaan)
Perubahan-perubahan
yang perlu dari Direct ke Indirect Speech :
1. To be & Auxiliary Verbs
Direct Indirect
Am/is/are - was/were
Shall/will - should/would
Can - could
May - might
Must
Have/has
to - had
to
Ought to
2. Time & Place (keterangan waktu
& tempat)
Direct Indirect
now - then
tomorrow - the
following day
next
week - the
following week
tonight - that
night
today - that
day
yesterday - the
day before
last
night - the
night before
last
week - the
week before,
the
precious week
here - there
this - that
these - those
3. Tenses
Direct Indirect
Simple
present - simple
past
Simple past
- past
perfect
Present perfect
Present
continous - past
continous
Present perfect
continous - past
perfect continous
Simple future - past
future
I. STATEMENT
Dalam Indirect Statement kita
menggunakan kata that (bahwa) sebagai penghubung
antara kalimat pengantar (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan
(reported words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam indirect statement ialah :
He said
He said to
me that
+ reported words
He told me
e.g -
Mary told her friends “I have been to Bali twice.”
- Mary told her friends that she had
been to Bali twice.
- Father
said “I am going out of town tomorrow”
- Father
said that he was going out of town the following day.
- Mary
told John “my father warned me last night”
- Mary
told John that her father had arned her the night before.
- My
sister said to me “I don’t like tennis”
- My
sister said to me that she didn’t like tennis.
- Tom
said “I didn’t go to school this morning”
- Tom
said that he hadn’t gone to school that morning.
Apabila kalimat pengantarnya dalam
bentuk Simple Present Tense, maka kalimat yang dilaporkan tidak mengalami
perubahan.
e.g -
John says “I will go to Bandung tomorrow”
- John says that he will go to
Bandung tomorrow
- Mary
says “I have seen that film”
- Mary
says that she has seen that film.
- My
brother says “I met Tom at the party last night”
- My
brother says that he met Tom at the party last night.
- Tom
says “I don’t like English”
- Tom
says that he don’t like English.
II. COMMAND
Command dibagi dalam 2 (dua) bagian
yaitu :
1. Positive Command
Dalam
perintah positif kita tambahkan to di depan kalimat
perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan perintah yang
dilaporkan. Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah :
He asked me
He
told me
e.g -
He asked me “Open your book”
- He asked me to open my book.
- Mary told me “Stop talking to Jane”
- Mary told me to stop talking to Jane.
- Mother asked John “Pay attention to
what I say”
- Mother asked John to pay attention to
what she says.
- John told Mary “Wait until I come”
- John told Mary to wait until he
comes.
- The teacher said to the students “Be
quiet while I am talking”
- The teacher told the students to be
quiet while she is talking.
2. Negative Command
Dalam perintah
negatif kita tambahkan not to di depan
perintah yang dilaporkan.
e.g -
Mary told John “Don’t wait for me”
- Mary told John not to wait for her.
- I told him “Don’t mention it to
anyone”
- I told him not to mention it to
anyone.
- Father asked her “Don’t go there
alone”
- Father asked her not to go there
alone.
- Ira asked Tom “Don’t come to my house
again”
- Ira asked tom not to come to her
house again.
- Mothers asked John “Don’t smoke too
much”
- Mother asked John not to smoke too
much.
III. QUESTION
Bila pertanyaan langsung (direct
question) menggunakan kata-kata tanya seperti ; Where, When, Why,
What, Who, How, dll, maka kata-kata tersebut
digunakan sebagai penghubung dalam reported Speech. Pertanyaan yang
dilaporkan berubaha menjadi bentuk positif. Kalimat pengantarnya ialah :
He asked me where
When
etc.
e.g -
The man asked me : “Where do you live ?”
- The man asked me where I lived.
- John asked Mary : “Why do you get
angry with me ?”
- John asked Mary why she got angry
with him.
- I asked him : “When did you get back
from your trip ?”
- I asked him when he had got back from
his trip.
- He asked me : “How will you go there
?”
- He asked me how I would go there.
- John asked the girl : “What is your
name ?”
- John asked the girl what her name
was.
Bila pertanyaan langsung tidak
menggunakan kata-kata tanya, dan hanya merupakan pertanyaan dalam bentuk “Yes
& No Question”, maka kita menggunakan kata-kata if,
whether (jika, apakah) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat
pengantar dan pertanyaan yang dilaporkan.
e.g - The
boy asked John : “Does Mary live near here?”
- The boy asked John if Mary lived
near there.
- The teacher asked her : “Have you
finish your homework ?”
- The teacher asked her if he had
finished her homework.
- Mary asked me : “Did you she John at
the party the night before.
- Mary asked me whether I had seen John
at the party the night before.
- We asked them : “Will you go to the
movie with us tonight ?”
- We asked them whether they would go
to the movie with us that night.
- Mother asked
John : “Are you going to marry her ?”
- Mother asked John if he was going to
marry her.
Note : Baik if maupun whether dapat
digunakan bergantian
IV. REPORTED SPEECH / MIXED TYPE (Jenis
Gabungan)
Bila pertanyaan dan pernyataan
digabung dalam Reported Speech maka kita menggunakan kata as
(karena) sebagai penghubung pada bagian kalimat pernyataan yang
dilaporkan. Dalam hal ini kalimat pernyataan tersebut dilaporkan kemudian.
Perhatikanlah contoh-contoh berikut ini :
e.g - She
asked me :”What is the time ?”, my watch has stopped.
- She asked me what
the time was as her watch had stopped.
- Ira asked John :”what is the matter
with you ?”, You don’t look well.
- Mary asked John what the matter was
with him as he didn’t look well.
- I asked her :”How long have you been
studying English ?”, Your accent is very good.
- I asked her how long she had been
studying English as he her accent was very good.
- He told me :”I am off to the movie,”
Where are you going ?”
- He told me that he was off to the
movie and asked me where I was going.
- She said :”It is
cold inside,” Is the window open ?
- She said that it was cold inside and asked
if the window was open.
Bila dalam pertanyaan langsung
disertai dengan jawaban Yes dan No, maka kita menggunakan kata but sebagai
penghubung untuk jawaban No dan kata and sebagai
penghubung untuk jawaban Yes.
e.g - He
asked me :”Will you go out wiith me ?” No, I won’t.
- He asked me if I would go out with
him but I said I wouldn’t.
- Mother asked John :”Have you had
lunch ?” No, I haven’t.
- Mother asked John if he had had lunch but he
said he hadn’t.
- She asked me :”Can you meet me
tomorrow ?” No.
- She asked me if I could meet her the
following day but I said I couldn’t.
- I asked her :”Do you like vegetables
?” Yes, I do.
- Is asked her if she liked veggetables and she
said she did.
- Mary asked John
:”Did you phone me last night ?” Yes, I did.
- Mary asked John if he had phoned her
the night before and he said he had.
- Father asked me :”Are you going to
the movie tonight ?” Yes.
- Father asked me if I was going to the
movie that night and I said I was.
Direct &
Indirect with Auxiliaries
Perhatikan
perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Auxiliaries
Direct Indirect
Was/were - had
been
can - could
may - might
must & have
to - had
to
must
not - wasn’t
to/musn’t
needn’t - didn’t
have to
e.g - Mary
said :” I was sick yesterday.”
- Mary said that she had been sick the
day before.
- The man asked me :” Can you speak
English ?”
- The man asked me if I could speak
English.
- Mary said to John :”You may come to
my house tomorrow.”
- Mary said to John that she might come
to his house the following day.
- Mother told John :”You must study
harder if you want to pass the exam.”
- Mother told John that he had to study
harder if he wanted to pass the exam.
- The police told me :” You must not
drive without license.”
- The police told me that I wasn’t to
drive without license.”
- The teacher told them :”You needn’t
hurry.”
- The teacher told them that they
didn’t have to hurry.
|
Direct Speech
Contoh :
-Erfin said, “I am so happy”.
-They said, “We have watched
football game”.
Indirect Speech
Contoh :
-Erfin said that he was so happy
-They said that they had watched
football game.
Catatan :
Jika Kata Kerja dalam induk
kalimat bentuknya adalah PRESENT dan PRESENT PERFECT
atau adanya suatu keterangan yang
umum pada induk kalimat, maka tidak ada
perubahan waktu dalam Kalimat
tidak langsung.
Contoh :
-She asks me, “Are you sleepy?”
She asks me wether I am sleepy
-He has told us, “I am hungry.” He
told us that he is hungry
-She told me,“the sun rises in the
east”.
She told me that the sun rises in
the east
Tetapi apabila Kata Kerja dalam kalimat bentuknya selain dari
PRESENT dan
PRESENT PERFECT maka terjadi
perubahan waktu pada Kalimat tidak langsung.
Contoh :
-Simple Present menjadi Simple
Past
a. He told me, “I go to work
everyday.”
b. He told me that he went to work
everyday.
-Present Continuous menjadi Past
Continuous
a. She told me, “I am playing
music now”.
b. She told me that she was
playing music then.
-Present Perfect menjadi Past
Perfect
a. They told me. “We have bought a
car”.
b. They told me that they had
bought a car.
-Simple Past menjadi Past Perfect
a. He told me, “I went to Bandung
yesterday”.
b. He told me that he had gone to
Bandung yesterday.
-Simple Future menjadi Future Past
a. He told me, “I will go to
university next year”.
b. He told me that he would go to
university the following year.
-Future Past menjadi Future Past
Perfect
a. She told me, “I should go there
if I were you.”
b. She told me that she would have
gone there if she had been me.
Perubahan-perubahan MODAL, PREPOSITION dan Keterangan waktu dari
kalimat
langsung menjadi kalimat tak
langsung. :
Shall – Should See – saw Will –
would
Is – was May – might Has/have –
had
Can –could are – were Here – there
This – that Now – then Ago –
before, Dsb
1. Perubahan Stuktur kalimat
Jika kita lihat pada kalimat direct
speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu terdapat tanda petik (").
Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering digunakan untuk membedakan mana
yang direct atau yang indirect.
Ketika klimat direct speech tersebut
dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda petik tersebut pun dihilangkan
atau digantikan dengan kata "that" atau "to" (untuk kalimat
perintah). Misalnya:
|
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
He said, "I have a present for
you in my bag."
|
He said that he had a present for me in his bag.
|
|
02
|
He asked me, "why do you come late."
|
He asked me
why I came late.
|
|
03
|
He orderd me, "don't bring a bag."
|
He ordered me to didn't bring a bag.
|
Perubahan struktur kalimat juga
terjadi jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat tanya, maka akan dirubah
menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita).
Untuk kalimat direct speech yang
menggunakan kalimat tanya "yes-no question" maka akan dirubah menjadi
if/whether. Contohnya:
|
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
They asked me,
"Do you want to
join us to play football?"
|
They asked me if/whether I want to join them to play
football.
|
|
02
|
He asked me,
"Does she want to
mary me?"
|
He asked me if/whether she wants to mary her.
|
Untuk kalimat direct speech yang
menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When, WHere, How), maka akan dirubah
menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai berikut:
|
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
He asked me,
"why do you come late?"
|
He asked me
why you came late.
|
|
02
|
He asked me,
"what does she eat?"
|
He asked me
what she ate.
|
|
03
|
He asked me,
"when did you come?"
|
He asked me
when I came.
|
|
04
|
He asked me,
"who are you?"
|
He asked me
who I was.
|
|
05
|
He asked me,
"who is she?"
|
He asked me
who she was.
|
2. Perubahan Tensis (Tenses)
Seperti yang dijelaskan dimuka,
perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis yang digunakan.
Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini. Untuk itu, penulis
sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah dimengerti.
Di bawah ini adalah tabel Perubahan
Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech.
|
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
Simple Present
|
Simple Past
|
|
02
|
Present
Continuous
|
Past
Continuous
|
|
03
|
Present Future
|
Past Future
|
|
04
|
Present
Perfect
|
Past Perfect
|
|
05
|
Present
Perfect Continuous
|
Past Perfect
Continuous
|
|
06
|
Simple Past
|
Past Perfect
|
|
07
|
Past
Continuous
|
Past Perfect
Continuous
|
Atau bisa lebih dipermudah dengan
tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:
|
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
V1 (eat)
|
V2 (ate)
|
|
02
|
V2 (ate)
|
Had + V3 (had
eaten)
|
|
03
|
Am/is/are
|
Was/were
|
|
04
|
Do/does
|
Did
|
|
05
|
Do/does not
|
Did not
|
|
06
|
Did not
|
Had not + V3
|
|
07
|
Was/were
|
Had been
|
|
08
|
Am/is/are +
V-ing
|
Was/were +
V-ing
|
|
09
|
Was/were
+V-ing
|
Had been +
V-ing
|
|
10
|
Has/have + V3
|
Had + V3
|
|
11
|
Will/shall/can/may/must
|
Would/should/could/might/had
to
|
|
12
|
Could/might/should/would
+ V1/be
|
Could/might/should/would
+ have+ V3/been
|
3. Perubahan Pronoun
Perubahan pronoun dan possessive
tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di direct speech (kalimat
langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun pada indirect speech
(kalimat tidak langsung).
·
Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We)
pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek yang ada
di reproted speech.
|
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
He said, ‘I am busy.’
|
He said that he was busy.
|
|
02
|
She said, ‘I am unwell.’
|
She said that she was unwell.
|
|
03
|
I said, ‘I will be late.’
|
I said that I would be late.
|
|
04
|
They said, ‘We will not permit this.’
|
They said that they would not permit that.
|
|
05
|
We said, ‘We need to buy some clothes.’
|
We said that we needed to buy some clothes.
|
·
Kata ganti orang kedua (You)
di reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai objek pada reported
speech.
|
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
He said to me, ‘You have to come with me.’
|
He told me that I had to go with him.
|
|
02
|
She said to me, ‘You can go.’
|
She told me that I could go.
|
|
03
|
She said to him, ‘You can go.’
|
She told him that he could go.
|
·
Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they)
pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect speech.
|
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
He said, ‘She is a good girl.’
|
He said that she was a good girl.
|
|
02
|
She said, ‘They have invited us.’
|
She said that they had invited them.
|
|
03
|
They said, ‘He does not have the necessary
qualifications.’
|
They said that he did not have the necessary
qualifications.
|
4. Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan
tempat (Adverbs of time and place)
Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.
|
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
Now
|
Then
|
|
02
|
To day
|
That day
|
|
03
|
Tomorrow
|
The next day
The day after The following day A day later |
|
04
|
Next ...
|
The ... after
The following ... |
|
05
|
Last ...
|
The ... before
The Previous ... |
|
06
|
... ago
|
... before
... earlier |
|
07
|
Yesterday
|
The day before
The previous day The preceeding day |
|
08
|
The day before
yesterday
|
Two day before
|
|
09
|
Here
|
There
|
|
10
|
This
|
That
|
|
11
|
These
|
Those
|
Di bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah pemahaman mengenai penjelasan di atas.
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
|
(+)
|
He said, “I
have a present for you in my bag. here”
|
He said that
he had a present for me in his bagthere.
|
|
(-)
|
He said, “I do not have a present for you in my bag” |
He said that he did not have a present for me in his bag. |
|
(?)
|
He asked, “Do I have a present for you in my bag?” |
He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag. |
|
(?)
|
He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag? |
He asked
me why he had to have a present for me in his bag.
|
|
(!)
|
He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag herenow!” |
He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then. |
|
(!)
|
He ordered me,
“Don’t bring your bag here!”
|
He ordered me
not to bring my bag there.
|
Sumber:
https://sites.google.com/site/grammarbahasainggris/direct-indirect-speech
http://inggrishbahasa.wordpress.com/lesson-english/english-grammar/179-2/
http://www.belajarbahasainggris.us/2012/04/penjelasan-direct-dan-indirect-speech.html
